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Republican provinces

-241: Sicilia taken over from the Carthaginians and annexed at the end of the First Punic War. -237: Sardinia and Corsica, these two islands were taken over from the Carthaginians and annexed soon after the Mercenary War, in 238 BC and 237 BC respectively. -197: Hispania Citerior, along the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, part of the territories taken over from the Carthaginians. -197: Hispania Ulterior, along the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, part of the territories taken over from the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. -147: Macedonia was annexed after the Achaean War. -146: Africa (modern-day Tunisia, eastern Algeria and western Libya), created after the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War. -129: Asia, formerly the Attalid kingdom, in western Anatolia (now in Turkey), bequeathed to Rome by its last king, Attalus III, in 133 BC. -120: Gallia Narbonensis (southern France), prior to its annexation it was called Gallia Transalpina (Gallia on the other side of the Alps) to distinguish it from Gallia Cisalpina (Gaul on this same side of the Alps, in northern Italy). It was annexed following attacks on the allied Greek city of Massalia (Marseille). -67: Creta and Cyrenaica, Cyrenaica was bequeathed to Rome in 78 BC. However, it was not organised as a province. It was incorporated into the province of Creta et Cyrenae when Crete was annexed in 66 BC. -63: Bithynia et Pontus, the Kingdom of Bithynia (in North-western Anatolia) was bequeathed to Rome by its last king, Nicomedes IV, in 74 BC. It was organised as a Roman province at the end of the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) by Pompey, who incorporated the western part of the defeated Kingdom of Pontus into it in 63 BC. -63: Syria, Pompey deposed the last Seleucid king Philip II Philoromaeus, creating the province of Syria. -63: Cilicia, Cilicia was created as a province in the sense of area of military command in 102 BC in a campaign against piracy. The Romans controlled only a small area. In 74 BC Lycia and Pamphylia (to the east) were added to the small Roman possessions in Cilicia. Cilicia came fully under Roman control at the end of the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC), reorganised by Pompey in 63 BC. -58: Cyprus was annexed after the death of its last king Ptolemy of Cyprus and added to the province of Cilicia, creating the province of Cilicia et Cyprus. -46: Africa Nova (Eastern Numidia – Algeria), Julius Caesar annexed Eastern Numidia and the new province called Africa Nova (new Africa) to distinguish it from the older province of Africa, created in 146 BC, which became known as Africa Vetus (old Africa). Western Numidia was annexed and added to the province of Africa Nova in 40 BC. The territory remained the direct part of the Roman Empire except for a brief period when Augustus restored Juba II (son of Juba I) as a client king (30–25 BC).

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